HELIOS

HELIOS:
Meaning in the Celestial Sphere
by Iona Miller, (c)2017

http://ancestorsandarchetypes.weebly.com/helios.html

My genealogy lists Helios as my 85^th Gr-Grandfather, through Circe (c. 5688 BCE-5088 BCE), the kings of Alba Longa, through Julius Caesar and the Julian Dynasty in Rome, to the Iberian peninsula, to Toledo, and into England via marriage of Thomas Blount, Knight (1390-1456), son of Sir Walter Blount, Kt. of Barton and Sancha Blount, Lady de Ayala.

The mythic birth of Helios is estimated between 6108 BCE – 550 BCE. Yet as primordial force of nature and an archetype, we can presume Helios as an even deeper root in our human psyches. Before we could even speak, we anxiously looked forward to the daily rising of the sun for sustenance and life.

PRIMORDIAL DEITIES

About 4.6 billion years ago, our solar system, the Sun and the Earth were formed. 

Myth straddles between an account of the world which is false, and one which may not have taken place as exactly told but contains a core of truth about the universe. The journey of the sun was anchored in a complex sustem of astronomical and cosmological knowledge.

Myths reveal the human condition in relation to the sky, stars, and planets -- the theory and nature of myth as related to the sky. The Titan god Helios is one such personification. His all-seeing eye evolved from prehistoric sun-images, whose solar cross and wheel pendants mark the cardinal directions and the zodiacal houses of the Great Year.

Solar energy was always a natural metaphor of creative power that becomes exhausted, then sinks back into the unconscious condition it was in before. So it became the symbol of consciousness shining in the darkness of the unknown. Helios symbolizes the order of solstices punctuated by periodic eclipses which were a great wonder to ancient mankind who built megaliths and caves to discern them.

All creation stories, scientific or mythic, describe the manifestation of something out of nothing. Beyond our experience of material reality in spacetime, there is a field of infinite potential, of unbounded possibilities, of absolute space, absolute nature.

FIAT LVX! Only light is omnipresent and eternal. Science now confirms what the alchemists knew centuries ago that it is more than metaphorical. The meaning of Life is Light. Absolute Light, archetypal divine fire, radiates from the Tree of Life as the vital formative principle. The light of earth and heaven, the animating power, mingle in our consciousness. The Light fulfills us and we are fulfilled in its revelation. It shines through us as the internal sun.

Mythically, the void is the reality of possibility. Where do these unseen possibilities come from and what part of nature are they? The void is not devoid, but seethes with  fleeting electromagnetic waves and particles that pop into and out of existence. The void is the flux of virtual photons/antiphotons in “negative” space. The void expresses its potentiality in creation.

Electromagnetic energy and particles arise from the virtual vacuum flux of subspace – the Void, which is the metaphysical root of all form. Vacuum friction creates matter from virtual photon flux. It is an experiential metaphor for the perpetual light of nature, the lumen naturae. Unconscious contents struggle toward the light.

Unseen Vacuum-spawned particles are constantly flickering in and out of existence around us, arising from and sinking back into the void as pure massless charge flux. Light is hidden in matter and the forces of nature. We see it gleaming beyond the Abyss that distinguishes being from nondual unmanifest existence, The holographic blur focuses; biological entanglement.

Heaven (Ouranos) and Earth (Gaia) merge and create manifest reality -- the big bang. A flux of virtual photons connects our universe with the non-spatio-temporal. Matter arises from the plenum/void of the virtual vacuum potential.

The vacuum substructure is an invisible flux not comprised of parts, but an inseparable interconnectedness of unvarying, unchanging reality -- the groundstate of being. The "ground" is typcally invisible.

Internal Sun

The full force of the clear Light of the Divine would blind us, but it is mediated by the Lux Naturae which is always with us. Only in this new millennium have we learned just how literal it is. Light is hidden in matter and the forces of nature, so you must seek and see it for yourself.

We must cultivate it like an artist. Our medium is the energy body; our means spiritual technology for the soft machine. By this secret fire, the living balsam of nature is brought forth from darkness to light.

In the One World of alchemy, inner and outer light are identical, seamlessly wed like Luna and Sol in illumined lunacy. The light within life is our own awareness, mediated by our energy bodies (field body) which fills each particle of being. Direct communication is healing, realigning body and soul. We finally come to our senses. When we sit in meditation we come to know the meaning of scintillae and the light of the darkness. We see it gleaming beyond the Abyss that distinguishes being from nondual unmanifest existence.

Matter is composed of and utterly dependent on organic light that fills the universe and our bodies. The Great Work is an operation of Light. This light has an earthly and spiritual aspect, psychosomatic and archetypal nature. This meaningful light of our own darkness is the holy Grail, the diamond Stone, the curative Elixir that links our ego-experience and spiritual unity. Self-knowledge is the science of Creation.

Unseen Reality

Symbols connect objectivity and subjectivity. Their relationship contains the meaning and importance of what we describe as reality. The reality is symbolic, not objective or subjective.

Ultimate reality is the heart of ontology. There are ontological realities with valid status that are not observable, but can be explored philosophically and mythically. 

Our forefathers were particularly fascinated by  the starry heavens. It was the projected unconscious which was so fascinating.

Jung noted (ETH, Alchemy, Pages 224-231), "The sun, moon and planets were the exponents, so to speak, of certain psychological or psychical constituents of the human character. ...our forefathers saw all unconscious psychical events, that is, all the roots of the human character, in the sky. ...It was not only the stars which contained the projections of the ancients but the whole space between the stars and the earth, regarded as the kingdom of the air."

Spiritual water impressed our forefathers so deeply. Water also described the essence of the unconscious, the wisdom of nature, and "the mysterious operative in nature, which determines us." Unconscious contents arise from this sea of undifferentiated material. Jung said indigenous cultures liken 'scintillae' or soul sparks to the souls of the ancestors. This prima materia is the land of the dead, our populated interior.

Our unconscious still functions like it did 2-4 million years ago. Most generations remain unconscious of their projections and identifications. Sometimes self-image, projections, and dogmas get shattered in self-revealing truth of self, others, and world. A light constellates within our opaque participation mystique - revelatory ecstasy. Transformation by the environment also builds resilience.

Primeval Creativity

Like the Sun, contents can descend into the unconscious and they can also arise from it. Given enough silence of deep space we can make contact with thoughts that are centuries old. The ancestors are the means of sending consciousness back through time. We protect ourselves from the dissolving influence of outer world with abstraction, and from the inner subjective world with empathy.

The Sun is the primordial symbol of consciousness, rooted in unconscious participation mystique. We may be fully unaware of our participation, but when "the sun is up," we realize the full extent of our participation in the reality surrounding us -- an intrinsic part of reality. Aware of it or not we simply exist as a participating being -- the one human being in all.

Some of our ancestral revelations are a new picture of reality requiring a conversion of our imaginations, a healing of soul wounds. Although we can see the sun rising in the east and setting in the west on its daily trip around the Earth, we are suffering from an illusion. Things don't happen that way at all: the Earth is actually revolving around the sun.

We are all born into the unconscious dimension where all individuals are without boundaries and identical. We tear ourselves away from the collective unconscious womb with radiant consciousness. Like the sun's daily cycle, we begin with unconscious participation mystique, go through the process of self-discovery in phases and passages of life, and end with a conscious awareness of the participation mystique.

Full Consciousness

You are carrying me, full consciousness,
god that has desired all through the world.
Here, in this third sea,
I almost hear your voice; your voice, the wind,
freeing entirely all movements;
eternal colors and eternal lights,
sea colors and sea lights.
Your voice of white fire
in the universe of water, the ship, the sky,
marking out the roads with delight,
engraving for me with a blazing light my firm orbit:
a black body
with glowing diamond in its center.
--Juan Ramon Jimenez

Existence Paradigms

The Greeks looked to their place in the cosmos and spoke of primordial Chaos and Nothingness. The quantum vacuum is a dynamic massless scalar field. In quantum cosmology, spacetime originated in a domain (zero point, quantum vacuum state) that isn't in time and space. The entire universe and all subatomic particles emerged from this pre-creation virtual state, which has no linear time, dimensionality, solidity, energy, etc.

Ontology describes such operators. It models the origin of either the cosmos or universe. Cosmogonies explore the fact that we exist when there could be nothing at all. Humans have wondered why is there a universe and not some existential void completely unconscious of itself. Thus, accounts of the mythic descent of man became necessary (Ananke).

'Ontology', investigates what there is, the fundamental nature of existence; 'meta'-ontology investigates what we are asking when we ask what there is. Questions include: What exists; what is a thing; what are the categories of exist in things; what is the meaning of being; what are the modes of being entities? We try to describe existence with the essential features of universals and particulars, the universe and our place in it.

The classical Greek creation myth is a theory of nature with many plausible aspects. They obey the same rules. Higher dimensions of space are real and contain spiritual beings.

The myths describe the ontological domains of the hyperspace Primordials, the Titans, and the Olympians, ready to be manifest. These cycles may mark ancient discontinuities or catastrophes. Neolithic cultures may not be the first. Many Greek gods have Thracian antecedents.

This three-era process is a meta-ontology with hierarchical connections between its sub-empirical things, or virtual entities, to assess or affirm their realism and qualities. Some connections are fundamental and some derived, as in a descent. 

Ontology studies the nature of being, becoming, existence or reality as well as the basic categories of being and their relations. It is the metaphysics concerning what entities exist or may be said to exist and how such entities may be grouped, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided according to similarities and differences. So a genealogical hierarchy of first causes as divine forces is a metaphysical myth.

Ontology only became ordered with Aristotle and his emphasis upon identifying the most fundamental objects. Grounding is a topic in metaphysics. One thing is sometimes said to "ground" another when the first in some way accounts for the being of the second. For example, it is sometimes claimed that facts about physical particles ground facts about larger objects.

The genealogy of the gods makes them a classical hierarchy. Mythic stories correspond with hidden aspects of reality, archetypal entities, their relationships, and interactions. They tried to describe the evolution of the universe. Plotting mythical events won't correlate with astrophysics but there are analogies and correlations.

Epistemology justifies how we know what we know.  How is it acquired, tested, stored, revised, updated, and retrieved? Meta-epistemology tries to identify inaccurate traditional assumptions, or  generalizations. Philosophy extends it beyond its traditional domain of word-based definitions.

Myth reveals some remarkable wisdom, the quality of radiance attributed to Hyperion, father of Helios. Great wisdom is the sole eye of primordial consciousness. When it opens we perceive the nature of ultimate reality, suchness.

The ancient Greeks imagined Helios as a gigantic eye with a halo, observing everything his light could touch. Helios, who sees everything that his light touches. The worship of Helios came from Asia. Not only the sun-god, he was also the personification of life and all life-giving power. Light is an indispensable condition of all healthy terrestrial life.

Was the primeval fireball of the Big Bang the first light? Tiny density fluctuations in the primeval plasma are the seeds of later galaxy formation, confirmed in 1922. Without them, there would be nothing from which galaxies, clusters and superclusters of galaxies, and therefore stars, could evolve.

There is a primordial abundance of light chemical elements, helium, deuterium and lithium. All the heavier elements, like carbon, oxygen, phosphorous, copper, iron, chlorine, uranium, etc., are only produced later — in the cores of stars or in the supernova explosions which herald their demise. 

The Greek myth may not have been right, but it wasn't entirely wrong, at least metaphorically. Today, we understand chaos as a self-organizing principle. Like the seeds of galaxy making, chaos theory discusses self-organization in terms of islands of predictability in a sea of chaotic unpredictability. Spontaneous ordering requires no outside agents beyond random fluctuation. Chaos was the first thing to exist but from it Gaia (ground; matter) Eros, and other Primordials emerged.

Science still struggles with the conundrum of the creation of the universe, energy, and matter. A cosmogony is a creation story, not a cosmology. The light of the sun becomes important after an episode where there was none as in global catastrophe. The dual character of the ancient mother goddess as both radiant star and primal chaos is a great mystery.

In modern cosmology, the Primordial Era is the first 10,000 years, when the universe was dominated by radiation. The Greek primordial era is a myth of ultimates. Holistic coherent primordial process includes the roles of matter and radiation. This notion likely traces back 10,000 years or more from the present.

Jung thought mankind experienced rather than invented myths. The archetypes as structures mediate intuitive and symbolic knowledge. The archetypes produce all of the universal material in myth and ritual drama.

Archetypal experiences tend to be numinous and transpersonal in their impact upon personal development, for they are the eruption of archaic and timeless meaning into the personal world of the ego. They are archaic in the sense that they have evolved over long periods of time, and are timeless in that they arise anew in the experience of each passing generation bearing recognizably similar patterns.

Mythic interpretations help us understand the mysteries of creation. Cultures are grounded on creation stories and metaphysics. Concepts which have proved to be useful in ordering things easily acquire authority over us.

Myth provides a field of tropes, the attractors of the ancient mind, informing our lived experience relating us to reality. We can imagine the Archai of Greek myth, the first generation of divine forces, in today's scientific terms as Universal principles, the symbolic properties of the universe.

Aptly selected metaphors convey ontological realities, but remain useful representations of how human consciousness perceives reality, human observation and reasoning. Is there an information exchange and unconscious apprehension between the mind and its ultimate source, even if it is phenomenologically naive?

Laughlin pints out that, "everything archetypal which is perceived by consciousness seems to represent a set of variations on a ground theme. . . Archetypes form the total ground - the collective unconscious - upon which conscious cultural and personal experience develops...archaic and timeless meaning."

The Protogonoi or Primordials are fundamental essences, original forms, and primordial forces that animate the cosmos. They are the substrate of psyche and universe. The mythopoetic cosmology is part of a living system of meaning.

Universal structures penetrate narrative depth and religious imagination, the inward experience of the connection between the psyche and the outward image. The root matter is the mother of all things. Human archetypes are images of the evolution of the structure of the human psyche and numinous trranspersonal experience.

The COBE satellite confirmed tiny density fluctuations in the primeval plasma through the positive detection of fluctuations in Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation in 1992. They are the seeds of later galaxy formation, from which galaxies, clusters and superclusters of galaxies, and therefore stars, evolve.

Is it Necessary?

Ananke was the Protogenos (primeval goddess) of inevitability, compulsion and necessity. She emerged self-formed at the very beginning of time--an incorporeal, serpentine being whose outstretched arms encompassed the breadth of the universe.

Dr. Jung: Yes, and Tao was symbolized originally as a dragon, and the Greek word drakon means a serpent, it is not so specific as our word dragon, which is now a mythological concept.
The Greek meaning occurs in the famous verse: "The bull is the father of the serpent, and the serpent is the father of the bull."
They are a complete circle, that is; the bull stands for the spring, the sun, the rising Yang principle, and the serpent in this case stands for the winter, darkness, humidity, the Yin principle." 

~Carl Jung, Visions Seminar, Pages 1225-1226  

From the time she first appeared Ananke was entwined in the serpentine coils of her mate, the time-god Khronos. Orpheus describes Kronos as a Serpent (Drakon) with extra heads growing upon it of a bull and a lion, and a god’s countenance in the middle; it had wings upon its shoulders, and its name was Khronos (Unaging Time), the turning heavens.

This Khronos (Time), the serpent has offspring, three in number: moist Aither (Light), unbounded Khaos (Air), and as a third, misty Erebos (Darkness). Together they surrounded the primal egg of solid matter in their constricting coils and split it into its constituent parts (earth, heaven and sea) and so brought about the creation of the ordered universe.

Helios echoes their qualities. Eliade explains the place of the sun in Greek mythology and religion: “Helios is not only pythios, chthonios, titan, and so on; over and above all this, he is in communication with the chosen world of darkness: sorcery and hell. He is the father of the sorceress Circe, and the grandfather of Medea."

We don't need to be too literal about it, misuse quantum jargon and technological metaphors, or turn it into a Procrustean bed. The same forces remain in play that they intuited or sensed in the cosmos and their own being.

The classical Greeks had a few versions of their cosmogony with a changing worldview, a functional dialogue between mankind and universe -- consciousness, symbolism, and reality. Myth illuminates the subject-relative hidden aspects of reality. Cosmology is a cognized view or system of comprehensive meaning.

Myths are understood only relative to other myths. Magical consciousness partipates in myth as lived experience through metaphor or episthemology, nonlinear, meaningful stories that help usinterpret experience and attempt to confirm reality.

In the earliest times their view of the world and its origin was firmly based on creation myths consolidated by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey, as the culture evolved this view of the universe evolved and distanced itself from the purely religious outlook.

Each cycle of meaning re-arranges the highly symbolic but coherent elements that vivify and verify direct experience and interpreted sacred being. What we perceive as the source of reality is always filtered by our sensors with a nonlinguistic expression of the structure of human consciousness, our species-typical point of view (Laughlin). Archetypes don't become intelligble living realities until the Olympians cycle.

The Greeks attempted to name and describe lateral and vertical metaphorical correlations, and recognized in every way that they 'descended' from them. Gaia remains a symbolically pregnant mythic reality. The Greeks participated symbolically in this pregnant mythic reality.

The second generation of Titanic forces may have been realized through great upheavels in the heavens and on earth. Ice sheets, earthquakes, vulcanism, comet strikes, and other massively catastrophic natural events were otherwise unexplainable in those days. The Titans were personified, whereas the Archai were not. Differet creation stories account for hidden variables in conception.

Archai is from the Greek, arkhe, meaning beginning. In archetypal psychology, archai refers to the deepest patterns or root metaphors of psychological function. The mother of Helios, the physical sun, was Shining Goddess and his father Bright High One. All perceptions, thoughts, and creative dynamics arise from this underlying transcendent field, known classically as the Clear Light or Primordial Awareness.They descended from Gaia and Ouranos, preceded only by Nothingness and Chaos. There is chaos and complexityin astrophysics. Only in Helios does the field of the unseen become physical and visible as glorious Sol.

So-called Reality is not at all solid, emerging from the primordial Nothingness beyond the mystic veil of biological and inorganic corporeality. Nothing Matters. Nothing has been the same since science convinced us we DO live in a vacuum (fluctuation). It is right here within the zone of our bodies and our ancient memory still recalls memories of being before conscious awareness. All perceptions, thoughts, and creative dynamics arise from this underlying transcendent field, known classically as the Clear Light or Primordial Awareness.All perceptions, thoughts, and creative dynamics arise from this underlying transcendent field, known classically as the Clear Light or Primordial Awareness.All perceptions, thoughts, and creative dynamics arise from this underlying transcendent field, known classically as the Clear Light or Primordial Awareness.

Myth portrays the real world in metaphor. The Greek intuition that there are subtle forms of light that differentiate from darkness was correct. Light existed before either sun nor moon had come into being yet, but matter was still undifferentiated. Naturally arising light has many philosophical and psychological names: Flickering Awareness, Scintillae, Plenum, Clear Light, Ain Soph Aur. Primordial forces work even today right within us.

Sacred stories hide and reveal profound truths. We can imagine The Void as the Zero Point ocean of universal energy, or Nothingness of Chaos, Ouranos is the Primordial Field, Eros as Entanglement and Nonlocality. Gaia is Absolute Space, the pregnant plenum of the ground.

Jung recognized the primordial darkness has a role in consciousness. "To put it simply, if you look long enough into a dark hole, then you perceive what is looking in. Hence, this is the principle of perception in Yoga, which derives all perception from the absolute emptiness of consciousness."

Clear Light could be virtual photons. Scintillae is photon flux, Gaia embodies the Plenum, etc. Hyperion could be biophotons. The Shining Goddess and Bright One give birth to all radiant energy and manifesting matter. Hyperion is Primordial  Light, Helios is the negentropic effect, since we all live on the Solar energy of the physical sun.

Aether has no reference points, no meaningful motion, no time, no wave fronts -- just absolute space. At the hyperspace level of observation, we find holographic patterns, EM waves, strings, branes, quanta, etc. Finally, classical spacetime emerges, the objective Universe as we naturally perceive it -- the realm of Cronos. The infinitesimal center is coextensive with the universal continuum. Events take place in the context of universal cosmology.

Chaos = Aether -- (Sub-quantum level)
Dimensionless, eternal. David Bohm's implicate order, Basil Hiley's pre-space. The scale at which non-local, instantaneous state change occurs. Nature's four fundamental forces emerge from here.

Ouranos = Hyperspace -- (Quantum level)
Wheeler's quantum foam. Quantum gravity. Quantum weirdness. A medium where more than one object can occupy the same space; allowing for quantum wave superposition, parallel, and non-linear, information processing.

Cronos = Spacetime -- (Classical level)
Intersubjective creation; Gravitation, matter... the objective Universe. Cronos and Rhea are time and matter.

The initial state of the universe is chaos, a dark indefinite void considered a divine primordial condition from which everything else appeared. Primordial Light is the acientific name given to the oldest light in the Universe—the 13.7 billion-year-old photons that come to us from the Big Bang. Primordial Light photons travel through the cosmos for many millions of years.

  Since the most ancient times, humans worshiped the primal divine couple, earth goddess Gaia and sky god Uranus. They are ancestors of the other gods that gave their names to the planets of the Solar System after the upheaval with the ancient gods, the Titanic forces with their psychophysical effects.

Primordial images imitate nature. Can we map their phenomenological terrain? It is uncharted territory. Innate instinct is a concrete body-based mind, somatic-motor, sensory-perceptual, auditory-visual sense, not symbolic, integrative, or reflective. Undefined and threatening, chthonic divine activity arises from below as non-directed, unconscious, primary process, numinous autonomous prompting of the divine.

The Primordials and Titans are deeply conflicting drives that lie at the roots of madness and primitive impulses for self-preservation. Informed by biology, our core drives include Acquisition, Preservation against loss, and Perpetuation.

This is the elemental level of non-directed primary process, primordial awareness, the primal religious experience: the naked mind, free of everything, dwelling in the uncreated state. Primal consciousness has not been altered or fragmented by modern life, but remains whole. Consciousness is identified with the earth and god is nature in all its forms.

Archetypes are always consuming and acquisitive (survival), explosive and overwhelming sensations with aversions, or autonomous radical avoidant behaviors to pain, fear, and anxiety. Primary process flows beneath actions, hopes and problems. We remain open to its presence and communication.

Non-directive thinking includes deeply hidden compulsion, enthrallment, confusion, unconscious motivations, and chaos. Alien anxieties sweep away our presence of cannot be expelled from our conscious mind. Feeling conflict initiates defenses, compulsive acting out, and concrete enactments.

Obsessive dysfunctions and defensive reactions include virulent maladaptive power, boundless ambition, and raging competitiveness, the excess of elements without image or form, the dark side of our raw nature or unchecked psychopathy, repression, reflexive avoidance, infinite cruel realities of human being.

Our brains were shaped over many millions of years in an environmental context few humans experience today (Gatherer-hunter). Our neurological wiring, so to speak, is a prosaic mesh of domain-specific adaptations which give rise to the complex faculties we call "mind". Given the survival advantages conferred on life by acquisition, prevention against loss (defense), and perpetuation - it follows that primate behavior should to some reflect a brain "wired" with these core or primal (adaptive) drives. And indeed, various primatological, ethnological, and anthropological field studies tend to validate this prediction. 

Primordial images, delimited archetypes of confusion, are older than historical mankind, the inborn ground of the human psyche -- the forgotten primal realm of our pre-conscious ancestors, unconscious energetic forces of universal mind, not just subconscious psyche, is thought-related symbolic activity. James Hillman notes, "soul comes in fantasies, not in meanings".

They are experiences of displacement and projective identification we cannot discuss without turning them into mere concepts, which they are not. Such basic mental organization, primary sense unconscious, is seen in many nonhuman mammals -- without words, abstract concepts, or time. Even imagination is concrete, not symbolic beyond the body language of fantasy. Direct apprehension of external reality underlies relational thinking.

Irrational Perceptive Identity

The domain of elemental chaos includes mobilization of somatic, sensory, and phenomenal activity without boundaries in a virtual timelessness like the pictographic nature of dreams, spontaneous sensory-perceptual  happenings.

The mind tries to process the instinctual tension of somatic and emotional experience without archetype, symbol, or metaphors but through delusional displacement, excitation discharge, affect, instinct, and anxiety in reactionary discharge and acting out automatically without reality testing.

Ancient mind experiences and expresses itself in a way qualitatively different from thought. A primary process of mental activity, non-thoughtful mind has its own epistemology, revealed through the Primordials and Titans concrete but undifferentiated and unintrgrated multi-sensory phenomena of primary process.

This primitive and primordial psyche of our ancestors erupts with suprapersonal force and overwhelming intensity of emotional flooding and disturbed imagination. Our ancestors struggled between two worlds with undifferentiated titanic aggression, incest, and destructive collective forces, yearning for death and dissolution with Titanic contempt for mortality.

Our primitive origins are a world of deeply instinctual drives, whose destructive powers have been suppressed. We have a universal regressive urge to reunite in our original fusion with the cosmic mother. Parareception swings the doors of perception wide open with telepathic confusion, primitive possession, and life-threatening, unregulated neuroception. Psychic rape, suffocating parent imagos, hysteria, infernal repetition are primitive archetypes. Madness comes from the most primitive complexes.

Myth resides in this multidimensional primordial unconscious of universal psychic history, a deeply rooted liminal world of fragmentation, dissociation, and monstrosities -- the hidden reality beneath all cultures. Flooded with all-encompassing phenomenawe become so engrossed in something that we "merge" with it, losing track of time and feeling our own boundaries soften and begin to blur with immersion.

The Titans are the pre-human or animalistic realm of disintegration and incestuous tendencies arsing from the undifferentiated fusion of self and others -- an oceanic intrapsychic phenomena, not simply an interpersonal process. When a personal experience corresponds to a latent primordial image, an archetype is activated.

The Olympians are a realm of psychosocial being, integration and kinship libido, the genomic level that lies between us and the other. In both tangible and mysterious ways, we are all interconnected, and any one of us can have a profound effect on the whole. 

The Titans, a residual substrate of primal mind, were reduced to monsters and demons from the bottom of psyche's Abyss in the Olympian world. Only Dionysisan fragmentation ecstasy and Aphroditic rapture found a place in the Olympian order. But all gods retain the root of their archaic madness and the split with sacred and rational way of being. Linking to the larger self, artists reach back to primordial images which correct such one-sidedness.

Hesiod’s Theogony starts with goddess Gaia and ends to the polytheistic reign of the Olympian gods.Uranus surrounds Gaia and fertilizes her. They deified Mother Earth as the sustaining ground of life and death. The original parent represents the source of all life prior to the distinctions of actual mother and father.

The birth of the gods parallels nature’s elements. Primordial waters give birth to new creation. The original "chaos" or "sea" constitutes all matter. Cronus metaphorically symbolizes Time, Rhea the flux, and Hera (an anagram of Aer) air. Helios is a fiery flash of numinosity in that dark world of nonordinary phenomena.

The sun (Helios) was the divine king of the sky for the Greeks. According to the “Homeric Hymn” of Helios: The sun shines his light on both men and immortal gods by driving his four-horse “golden-yoked” chariot across the sky from east to west. Helios brought the warmth and light of the sun and ripened their crops. It illumined the moon's reflection. The son of Zeus, as Apollo, was god of light, healing, music, archery and prophecy.

The Dorian Greeks worshiped Helios as the rising of the sun. Plato also explained that the name of Selene came from selas (bright light) and phos (light). The third or fourth century novelist Heliodoros considered himself “of the line of the descendants of Helios.” He worshipped Helios and Selene: “the purest and brightest of the gods.”

The light-giving Helios, the Sun, is the source of every life form on Earth. He was eternal witnesses of human acts and the natural avengers of cheatings. The rays of the Sun falling on Mother Earth after the rain-sperm of the Sky created the first living creatures.

Of astronomical importance is The Celestial Dome is of astronomical importance. The all-seeing Helios reigns in daytime, and at night the stars and the pale figure of Selene-Moon are observed. The Sun and Moon were crucial for the invention of the religious calendar systems of ancient people.

The dark or chthonic form of Helios was the pythios, or sepent, as seen in the cult of Delphi. Python was variously described as a male or female Drakon, or dragon, the wild ungovernable animal mind which breaks through, even psychotic upheaval, undifferentiated dark determining forces. The shadow is forced into the light. Wild kundalini serpent energy can be destructive, as well as enlightening.

The shadow of the light is darkness. The Titans symbolized the daemonic and its battle with the gods of the light-world. Primordial nature correlates with primordial unconscious and primordial images of absolute validity.

https://www.academia.edu/13220011/Gaia_Helios_Selene_and_Ouranos_the_three_principal_celestial_bodies_and_the_sky_in_the_ancient_Greek_cosmogony

Tumultuous Past
The first four primordial deities arise in a highly significant relationship. He argues that Chaos represents differentiation, since Chaos differentiates (separates, divides) Tartarus and Earth.[10] Even though Chaos is "first of all" for Hesiod, Miller argues that Tartarus represents the primacy of the undifferentiated, or the unlimited. 3150 BC comet disaster made dark chaos.

Since undifferentiation is unthinkable, Chaos is the "first of all" in that he is the first thinkable being. In this way, Chaos (the principle of division) is the natural opposite of Eros (the principle of unification). Earth (light, day, waking, life) is the natural opposite of Tartarus (darkness, night, sleep, death). These four are the parents of all the other Titans.

The children of Hyperion reinforce his status as lord of light: they are Helios, the younger Titan of the sun, Selene, the Titanid of the moon, and Eos, Titanid of the dawn. (Pausanias also lists a god he only calls "Titan" as one of their children, but for the most part scholars are pretty sure he's just talking about Helios.) Since he is the original primordial god of light, it only makes sense for his children to be expressions of that light, appearing as the various celestial powers that shower illumination down on the world.

Titanic Creation Myth

The earliest Aegean cultures tried to describe the mammoth forces of the dynamic universe at the cosmic, interplanetary, planetary, and local level as waves of creation from the aethyr. They encoded their imaginal understanding of the vast forces of nature in their mythology -- in their earliest gods of the primordial aeon.

The primordial gods don't take human form. Primal chaos remains the substrate of our existence. Creation involved exposure to chaos and dark protoplasmic energy. It equates with primal darkness -- the transcendental Id of negative and monstrous energies.

The Abyss is the fertile empty space of far-reaching effects, from which energy is created. When Ouranos and Gaia, raw unrefined fertility, give birth Cronos,  deep time is born. The deep precessional cycle is read in the cosmic clock of the heavens.

Humans recognize the vast dimension of cyclic time at work among the stars. The Sun, life-giving Fire, was the one god that made the heroic procession around the wheel of precession, the basis of solar doctrine. Helios, the sun, is shorthand for the entire archetypal Zodiac, the constellations of the ecliptic. Because his sacred animal is the horse, we can imagine his clearer emergence around the time the chariot is invented, at least c. 2000 BCE.

Stellar myths of constellations, astronomical time cycles, were reduced to the backdrop of solar myths, from which the four directions are derived. The Vedic astronomical classic Surya Siddhanta is very precise in its measurements of both heaven and earth as a spherical body and other planetary diameters and circumferences. Both of which were used to measure vast epochs or ages of mankind.

As psyche Gaia is pregnant with the future, pre-existent to consciousness. Time devours the ages as all things; the past devours the future. The youngest Titan overthrew his father Ouranos, and Cronos' children, the Olympians overthrew the Titans with a new class of ultimate paternal authority and planetary formative energy. The Titans, unpermitted and repressed energies, are pushed back into the underworld, into Tartarus, from whence they came.

"This may account for the unnatural intensification of the fear of death in our time, when life has lost its deeper meaning for so many people, forcing them to exchange the life-preserving rhythm of the aeons for the dread ticking of the clock." ~Carl Jung, CW 10, Para 696

The Olympians come streaming out of the unconscious, out of the unknown and repressed part of the psyche, repudiating former values, a reversal of old values. Thus, the War in Heaven mirrored a war for the human soul. Rulership passed from time to kingly authority -- a ruling class. 

New and powerful life springs up and spills out, spread over the generations, discrediting and rejecting the old source of vitality. The destructive unconscious and The Titans are pushed back into oblivion during an epoch of great catastrophe and upheaval.

Yet, Paracelsus speaks of the immensity of man: "When a man undertakes to create something, he establishes a new heaven, as it were, and from it the work that he desires to create flows into him... For such is the immensity of man that he is greater than heaven and earth."

Born from Theia and Hyperion, the light of the universal spirit is the Sun -- Helios, from which cosmic forces flow and manifest -- primordial or dark light of our interior being...analogous to the earliest light of cosmic expansion. The light breaks differentiating above and below. The primordial part of our context, the chthonic, was sacrificed, pushed down below, for the sake of realism.

Titanic genealogies show that everything came from Nothing, from the Abyss  and primordial Chaos - darkness and stormy expanse. Then, the Earth, herself, Gaia, mated with the Sky. Paleolithic beliefs were molded by changing environmental conditions of that epoch. In the Paleolithic, man was literally fighting titans of the ice age  -- megafauna soon to be extinct, but remembered in archaic memory.

The Primordials are rooted in the deepest memories of mankind, perhaps as far back as 10,000 years or more, to the era of the last Ice Age melt. The primordials never appear in human form. The Titans arose in the Neolithic era, around 5,000 BCE. Helios is one of the Titans. Celestial bodies were gods.

The Olympians prevailed over these earlier gods throughout the Bronze Age, before the widespread catastrophes that led to the Greek Dark Ages and subsequent Iron Age. People were thrown into disastrous conditions. The time from roughly 15,000 to 5,000 BC was a transition time of swift and extensive environmental change.

Any survivors of a celestial impact, from the fall of the Laurentide comet in North America to that of Burckle Crater off Madagascar wouls have been traumatized.
There may have been periods where earth collided with ejected from the breakup of the massive comet Encke. Such phenomena may have given rise to notions of a terrifying and belief-changing War in Heaven, a titanic battle.

In the beginning was a large disintegrating comet. It fragmented in cascades producing a field of orbiting debris. This giant mother-comet is thought to have been fragmenting since the Paleolithic to as recently as 5,000 years ago. The presence of substreams in the Taurid Complex indicates that the progenitor comet also took the route of multiple disintegration,. Searches have revealed a number of NEOs associated with the substreams of the complex

The Upper Paleolithic represents both the phase during which anatomically modern humans appeared and the climax of hunter-gatherer cultures. Demographic expansion into new areas took place during this period. The diffusion of burial practices resulted in an unprecedented number of well-preserved human remains. 

Various lines of evidence delineate the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) as a critical phase in the biological and cultural evolution of Upper Paleolithic populations. The LGM, a long phase of climatic deterioration culminating around 20,000 BP, had a profound impact on the environment, lifestyle, and survivor behavior of human groups. The comet that created the annual Taurid meteor shower was also responsible for snuffing out large mammals in North America 13,000 years ago.

Palaeolithic extinctions and the Taurid Complex
10900 bc

1. W. M. Napier1,*

 ntersection with the debris of a large (50–100 km) short-period comet during the Upper Palaeolithic provides a satisfactory explanation for the catastrophe of celestial origin which has been postulated to have occurred around 12 900 BP, and which presaged a return to ice age conditions of duration ∼1300 yr. The Taurid Complex appears to be the debris of this erstwhile comet; it includes at least 19 of the brightest near-Earth objects. Subkilometre bodies in meteor streams may present the greatest regional impact hazard on time-scales of human concern

The sudden onset of the Younger Dryas cooling 12 900 yr ago was marked by intense wildfires over North America, major disruption of human culture, and the rapid extinction of 35 genera of North American mammals (Faith & Surovell 2009).

We show that at least 19 of the largest NEOs have orbits significantly close to that of Comet Encke. model the disintegration history of the progenitor comet. Encounters with dense swarms of material, sufficient to produce a 12.9 ka cosmic event, are indeed reasonable expectations of recent Earth history. 

12,000 BCE  The epoch described by geologists as the Pleistocene has ended. The Holocene epoch begins – to today. With the exception crossing a body of water to get to New Guinea and Australia, they have arrived in places by walking.

11,000 BCE  Stone spearheads and human DNA found in Oregon caves will indicate "that at least two cultures with distinct technologies ... shared the continent more than 13,000 years ago." (New York Times, July 12, 2012.)

10,900 BCE  Comet debris smash into North America. According to theory, it reversed the ice age thaw, and the recooling killed mammals such as the saber-toothed tiger, dire wolf, and the wooly mammoth.

10,000 BCE  Homo sapiens are the sole surviving creatures of the Homo genus – a species with a superior ability to plan and communicate. These humans have spread into most of the earth's habitable places. Sparse populations allow for hunting game, gathering food that grows wild and drifting from campsite to campsite. Storytelling and myth are a major pastime.

10,000 BCE  In Eurasia and North America, the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) has become extinct.

10,000 BCE  People in the Middle East have domesticated goats and dogs. And people are starting to grow their own food.

9,500 BCE  Throughout the world, climates become warmer, wetter and more stable. There are perhaps five million people in the world, most of them hunter-gatherers.

9,000 BCE  21st century academics mark this as around the time that the shift from hunter-gathering societies to settled farming begins. In the Jordan Valley, figs are cultivated, while wild barley, oats and acorns are being gathered. (See BBC News, June 2, 2006, "Ancient fig clue to first farming.)

The twelfth century BC is associated with the "Greek Dark Ages", the end of the Hittite civilisation in the Near East, the end of Bronze Age Israel, and the end of the Bronze Age Shang dynasty in China. Ancient Chinese history has the notion of "mandate from heaven", where the rulers were essentially subject to the whims of the sky above. Strange sights in the sky would not be seen as good news for Chinese Emperors. Indeed, around this time, Chinese records speak of :

"...many gods and spirits were annihilated in this battle, and several stellar dignitaries were replaced by newcomers to the celestial domains."

What could cause such global shocks? A likely answer, which has a good fit to the evidence, was what the European and Chinese observers described at the time as "dragons in the sky" - comets! We're not talking about an intact large comet (if that had hit in the last several millennia, we would not be here today), but rather fragments from a disintegrating comet or asteroid (small pieces like that which hit Tunguska in 1908). These would throw up dust that would envelope the world and dim our view of the Sun and skies.

The Taurids are related to comet Encke, as first shown by Fred Whipple, best known for proposing the "dirty snowball" model of comets. Mark Bailey, Victor Clube (brother of my rugby coach at school!), and Bill Napier put forward the theory that Encke and the Taurid meteors originated from a giant comet that fragmented some 40,000 years ago after entering the inner Solar System. The idea of a comet splitting up into smaller pieces is nothing new (witness Shoemaker-Levy 9 in 1994 and the return this year of the fragmented periodic comet Machholz 2), and indeed Dr. Brian Marsden of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory is the originator of the idea that the bulk of sungrazing comets we see come from a large comet that perhaps originally split a few centuries before Christ, and has split again - this family of comets is known as the Kreutz sungrazers.

 "A large fraction of the objects on Earth-crossing orbits, of all dimensions, are the daughter products from the break-up of a giant comet some time during the past 100,000 years, dynamical studies suggesting around 20,000 years as likely. 

3100 bc  the Taurid Complex was producing phenomenal meteor storms between 4,500 and 5,000 years ago, accompanied by multiple Tunguska-class atmospheric detonations

icked in abruptly, along with the end of the line for some 35 different mammal species, including the mammoth, as well as the so-called Clovis culture of prehistoric North Americans. Various theories have been proposed for the die-off, ranging from abrupt climate change to overhunting once humans were let loose on the wilds of North America. But now nanodiamonds found in the sediments from this time period point to an alternative: a massive explosion or explosions by a fragmentary comet, similar to but even larger than the Tunguska event of 1908 in Siberia.

Masse’s biggest idea is that some 5,000 years ago, a 3-mile-wide ball of rock and ice swung around the sun and smashed into the ocean off the coast of Madagascar. The ensuing cataclysm sent a series of 600-foot-high tsunamis crashing against the world’s coastlines and injected plumes of superheated water vapor and aerosol particulates into the atmosphere. Within hours, the infusion of heat and moisture blasted its way into jet streams and spawned superhurricanes that pummeled the other side of the planet. For about a week, material ejected into the atmosphere plunged the world into darkness. All told, up to 80 percent of the world’s population may have perished, making it the single most lethal event in history.

The effect of the primordial unconscious on consciousness continues down through the ages, as the backdrop or background of history.

Shamash the sun-god 
As the god of the sun, Apollo was known as Phoebus, in order to distinguish him from the earlier sun-god, Hellios, the Titan son of Ouranos and Gaea, whose office of driving the horses and chariot of the sun was inherited by Apollo, just as Neptune inherited the watery kingdom of his uncle, Oceanos. Helios, (whose name is clearly derived from the Semitic El or "ha-El,"  "the god," just as Apollo is derived from "ha-Baal"), stood for the idea of God as a man in the sun of the spiritual world,



a sun god, in the myth of Marduk he is named as Marduk's father, whereupon Marduk is called “the son of the sun.”
ubaid and Uruk periods, spans the 5th to ..... Etana had been sent by the sun god Utu to save the eagle from a pit, after which Etana succeeded and asked the eagle for the location of the ...

The divine twins [Gemini Taurus Aries Pisces precession] are often seen as the two personified world-pillars, the sun-gate, the world mountain divided into two .The Emesh appeared first in Mesopotamia around 5.000 B.C. Prior to their emergence they were preceded by the Ubaid migrants from what is now southern Romania, from Carpathia and Scythia, who had fled south to escape the Black Sea flood sometime around 5.500 B.C.
The Black Sea was the region of the biblical flood, it being a fresh water lake before it was flooded by the Mediterranean and that is why today the Black Sea has a lower salinity level.Several key elements are to be found in the Emesh culture such as the Tree of Life, the horned cap worn by the Emesh nobility and also by priests, the flower-bracelet, the pine cone and the bag. The origin of these symbols is to be found in the Getic culture where the Tree of Life is represented by the fir tree (symbolizing eternity because it is forever green) which is not native to Mesopotamia. The flower of life is again a Getic symbol used on shields, weapons, traditional clothing, pottery, tombstones, buildings and wooden doors. The bull is also a Getic symbol found in the coat of arms of Moldova and can be traced all the way back to the Neolithic, being a totemic symbol used by the native European tribes and even the late Paleolithic where it depicts the Bull constellation / Pleiades. As for the bag, it can be found also in the Mayan civilization and it was discovered even at Göbekli Tepe.
The descendants of this ancient kin were the Sacred Ubaid Race who later settled Mesopotamia and founded the Emesh religion around 5.000 B.C. Their Transylvanian ancestors were the Emesh Gods themselves, meaning the titans or the giants so beautifully spoken of in the Rumanian folklore and also highly spoken of by the ancient Greeks and by the whole ancient world for that matter. https://arcodabara.wordpress.com/tag/primordial/



First Nature
We are capable of finding divinity within ourselves and nourishing it with Inner Fire --  akashic matter, cosmic electricity, chi, prana, qi -- the telesma which Hermes Trismegistus describes in his Emerald Tablet. By whatever name, it is always the same primordial Life Force, 'the most powerful force of all forces', as Hermes Trismegistus calls it. This force comes from the 'sun' (Tengri), which is the distributor and inexhaustible source. One of the manifestations of this force is love, which makes the worlds move. Behind the light of the sun are many other forces, and telesma is a force so potent that, as the Emerald Tablet puts it, ‘it overcomes every subtle thing and penetrates every solid substance.' The dragon work is to channel this telesma and condense it within your cells until a transformation takes place.” Hermes continues, “It is the cause, this, of all perfection of all things throughout the universe. This will attain the highest perfection of powers.”

he drama of human civilization is set against the cosmological backdrop of the Precession. Dragons are real and the basis of scientific priesthood and royal lineage. The sacred past is a story of sacred dragon or serpent worship.  In prehistory, myth veiled astronomical fact. Animals in myth are stars, and gods are planets. Settlements developed as cosmological models mirroring the order of the heavens.

Civilization was originally rooted in prehistoric observations of the order of the stars. It tracked time and created calendars, and most importantly allowed predictions of eclipses rooted in the GREAT CYCLE of PRECESSION of the Zodiac, the serpentine ring of the Ecliptic, cycle of Eternal Return.

Deep Knowledge

The Center of the Universe, the Pole Star, is the most important point in the Universe. The dimension of Heaven is Time, but the axis of heaven moveth not. Therefore, the Pole Star, the Hole in the Center, was the entrance to the Other Worlds. Ouroboros is the irresistible circle of time.

Megalithic temples were tuned to this Great Cycle drama in the heavens. They expressed the laws of the universe in the language of time. Time is framed in eternal forms, expressed only in self-explanatory universal cosmological myth. This knowledge meant participation in ultimate things through mythical awareness. The Center of the Universe is not fixed. It moves around in a circle counter the Circle of the Zodiac. Plato called Precession the Great Year, and each of its "months" is a sign of the Zodiac.

Myth was the technical astronomical scientific language of the ancestors -- coded celestial events. Decoding the sky meant connecting the dots of the starry constellations, making star maps, reproducing that heaven on earth in the form of sacred sites, and embodying it in sacred royal lineage. The most ancient lines are symbolically related to the circumpolar constellation Draco, the great Dragon or "crooked" Serpent (Babylonian Sir). The winged serpent was a symbol of the Gods of Egypt, Phoenicia, China, Persia, and Hindustan.

Roughly 3000 BC, the heavens revolved around the Great Dragon, and so did earthly civilization.  Dragons became synonymous with immortality because the celestial dragon was exempt from the cycle of time, and because the dragon lineage did not die but was preserved in the noble bloodline. The point of circumpolar rotation, inhabited by the draconic star Thuban or not, became the "Eye of the Dragon". The stars were the witnesses or Watchers - the seers. Egyptian rulers wore the Uraeus serpent (Wadjet) as their crown symbol of sovereignty (serpent of life), a link to the celestial Ouroboros.

The further back we look into the tales of the gods -- to the Titans and The Primordials -- the further back in pre-history we must imagine them, even before the time of mankind itself -- or at least a conscious, symbolizing and literate mankind. We can presume they represent the conditions and effects on the unconscious. The Primordials are the deepest foundation of the unconscious reaching back beyond chaos into primordial Nothingness, which is still with us as the underlying groundstate or Ur-state of consciousness. In that context, Helios arises in the darkness as the Source of Light and Life.

Adam "existed" because he was remembered by his descendants.
A world view is a set of presuppositions (or assumptions) which we hold (consciously or subconsciously) about the basic makeup of our world. Everyone has a world view, whether he can explain it or not. It can be likened to a pair of glasses through which one views the world. It is important to have the right prescription, or reality will be distorted. Modem man is faced with a supermarket of world views; all of them claim to represent reality, but they are points of view about reality -- mental constructs, beliefs.

The Greek ἥλιος is the inherited word for the Sun, from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥, cognate with Latin sol, Sanskrit surya, Old English swegl, Old Norse sól, Welsh haul, etc.[1]

The chariot was the supreme military weapon in Eurasia roughly from 1700 BCE to 500 BCE but was also used for hunting purposes and in sporting contests The invention of the chariot in the steppe - perhaps originally meant as an improved tool for hunting - occurred roughly by 2000 BCE, probably in the area just east of the southern Ural mountains, where the oldest chariots have been unearthed.
The Proto-Indo-European of Central Asia is dated to perhaps 5,000 years BCE. Indo-European languages descended from a single tongue. Called Proto-Indo-European, or PIE, it was spoken by a people who lived from roughly 4500 to 2500 B.C., and left no written texts, but they creates fables or animals, gods, and man, recorded later in the Bronze Age. PIE bears out association with Helios and horses. In fact Dingir comes from the Central Asiatic Ting-ri or Tengri, still existing as Tanrı in Turkish. *Seh2ulwith a genitive form *Sh2-en-s
The Sun Helios Sol Sul/Suil Sól, *Sowilō Solntse

We live in a quantum sea of light, radiation and tidal forces conflated with the energy density. Light is the fundamental archetype of reality. It appears when the Ouroboric zero-point bursts open in radiant glory, from the unfathomable primordial darkness, as photonic light and undifferentiated consciousness. As such, it becomes more than a metaphor for human consciousness and primordial awareness – the invisible ground of pure light.  This “ground of becoming” may be characterized as a relative vacuum state of consciousness, voided of all manner of mental activity. This mental phenomenon can be accessed through meditative quiescence, the cultivation of nondual contemplative insight. When the conceptual mind stops consciousness beholds itself. Such relative and ultimate vacuum states of consciousness can be correlated with relative and absolute vacuum states of space presented in contemporary physics. Primordial awareness correlates with the minimum fluctuation of the energetic vacuum. Still, the Buddhists caution emptiness, as they use it, does not mean an absolute reality or independent truth.Proto-Indo-European religion has a solar chariot, the sun as traversing the sky in a chariot.[citation needed] In Germanic mythology this is Sol, in Vedic Surya, and in Greek Helios (occasionally referred to as Titan) and (sometimes) as Apollo. Svarog is the Slavic solar deity, represented as a spirit of fire.
The Sun and Moon are often seen as the twin children of various deities, but in fact the sun and moon were deified several times and are often found in competing forms within the same language. The usual scheme is that one of these celestial deities is male and the other female, though the exact gender of the Sun or Moon tends to vary among subsequent Indo-European mythologies. The original Indo-European solar deity appears to have been female,[15] a characteristic not only supported by the higher number of sun goddesses in subsequent derivations (feminine Sól, Saule, Sulis, Solntse—not directly attested as a goddess, but feminine in gender--Étaín, Grían, Aimend, Áine and Catha versus masculine Helios, Surya, Savitr, Usil and Sol; Hvare-khshaeta is of neutral gender), but also by vestiges in mythologies with male solar deities (Usil in Etruscan art is depicted occasionally as a goddess, while solar characteristics in Athena and Helen of Troy still remain in Greek mythology). The original Indo-European lunar deity appears to have been masculine,[15] with feminine lunar deities like Selene, Minerva and Luna being a development exclusive to the eastern Mediterranean. Even in these traditions, remnants of male lunar deities, like Menelaus, remain.
Analysis of different Indo-European tales indicate the Proto-Indo-Europeans believed there were two progenitors of mankind: *Manu- ("Man"; Indic Manu; Germanic Mannus) and *Yemo- ("Twin"; Indic Yama; Germanic Ymir), his twin brother. Cognates of this set of twins appear as the first mortals, or the first gods to die, sometimes becoming the ancestors of everyone and/or king(s) of the dead.[16][17]



In all eras ancient man has found ancient fossilized bones of enormous size, often in large pockets, and mistaken these bones for those of massively huge gods, which were actually dinosaur bones. They mistook pitho for Griffins or Dragons, and massive mastodon thighbones for giants. They practiced a polytheistic religion centered on sacrificial rites, probably administered by a priestly caste.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans

In the seventh century BC, ancient Greeks made contact with Saka-Scythian nomads who prospected for gold in the Gobi Desert. One of the legends that the Greeks gleaned from this contact was of the griffin — a lion-sized, four-legged, winged animal with a "cruel sharp beak" — that ferociously guarded its hoard of gold. (A more cautious account suggested that griffins didn't guard gold but simply lived near it, and carefully protected their young from all intruders.) This Roman mosaic shows a griffin drawn to a trap whose unfortunate bait is a man. Where did this legend come from? Twentieth-century excavations in the Gobi have unearthed Protoceratops and Psittacosaurus skeletons, both beaked dinosaurs, from the same regions where the nomads prospected. It's quite possible that gold seekers found these fossils eroding out of the desert sands and, making astute observations about their skeletal structures, speculated on the appearance of the live animal. Dragons play a great role in Greek mythology.[1] Homer describes the dragons with wings and legs.[

The Eurasian Proto-Indo-Europeans likely lived during the late Neolithic, or roughly the 4th millennium BC. Mainstream scholarship places them in the forest-steppe zone immediately to the north of the western end of the Pontic-Caspian steppe in Eastern Europe. Some archaeologists would extend the time depth of PIE to the middle Neolithic (5500 to 4500 BCE) or even the early Neolithic (7500 to 5500 BCE), and suggest alternative location hypotheses.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helios

By the early second millennium BCE, offshoots of the Proto-Indo-Europeans had reached far and wide across Eurasia, including Anatolia (Hittites), the Aegean (Mycenaean Greece), Western Europe (Corded Ware culture), the edges of Central Asia (Yamna culture), and southern Siberia (Afanasevo culture).[1]


Surya Siddhanta is the first among the traditions or doctrines (siddhanta) in archaeo-astronomy of the Vedic era. other religions and new influences. Mithra, a solar deity, became identified in Babylonia with the Babylonians' own ancient sun god, Shamash; in Greece with Helios, the sun, and the god Apollo; and in the Roman empire with Sol Invictus, the ... From this primordial act, according to the Mithraic belief, sprang life on earth.
Helios (/ˈhiːli.ɒs/; Ancient Greek: Ἥλιος Hēlios; Latinized as Helius; Ἠέλιος in Homeric Greek) was the personification of the Sun in Greek mythology. He is the son of the Titan Hyperion and the Titaness Theia (according to Hesiod), also known as Euryphaessa (in Homeric Hymn 31) and brother of the goddesses Selene, the moon, and Eos, the dawn.
Helios was described as a handsome titan crowned with the shining aureole of the Sun, who drove the chariot of the sun across the sky each day to earth-circling Oceanus and through the world-ocean returned to the East at night. In the Homeric hymn to Helios, Helios is said to drive a golden chariot drawn by steeds (HH 31.14–15); and Pindar speaks of Helios's "fire-darting steeds" (Olympian Ode 7.71). Still later, the horses were given fiery names: Pyrois, Aeos, Aethon, and Phlegon.
As time passed, Helios was increasingly identified with the god of light, Apollo. However, in spite of their syncretism, they were also often viewed as two distinct gods/titan (Helios was a Titan, whereas Apollo was an Olympian). The equivalent of Helios in Roman mythology was Sol, specifically Sol Invictus

The great Sky God, Tengri was a dominating deity in the Universe and was believed to be a divine father and ruler. The Earth Goddess was considered to be both a mother and wife to Tengri. She appeared as a force of nature, and was subordinate only to Him. In ancient mythology there was a theory that mortals were the product of the union of Tengri and Earth. In the Orkhon Stone we read: “In the beginning there was a blue sky above, a dark land below, and human sons in-between." The Turks revered the Earth Goddess as a giver of crops and abundance. In the spring, before the beginning of the agricultural season and in the autumn, after the harvest, as a sign of gratitude for the abundance of food and happiness, the ancient Turks and Mongols made a sacrifice to the Earth Goddess. Milk, kumys and tea were offered and pleas made for a fertile land and a rich yield. Tengri(Heaven) rules over destiny of a man, people and states, distribute dates of life, protects from evil spirits and deaths, diseases, enemies, robbers; granted people and castle vital forces, peace and prosperity, military and hunting success.

The following article is based, with permission, on Norm Kisamov's translation from Russian, of chapter III (pp 71-95) of Rafael Bezertinov's book "TENGRIANISM: RELIGION OF TURKS AND MONGOLS", Naberezhnye Chelny, 2000. Original versions can be found at turkicworld.org and hunmagyar.org

Tengri, the Sky God

The ancient Turks believed that 17 Deities ruled the Universe, whilst the Mongols counted 99. From ancient and medieval sources (Turkish, Mongolian, Chinese, Byzantine, Arab and Persian) we learn that in both the Turkic and Mongolian Pantheons superiority belonged to Tengri. The various Turkic peoples had similar names for the Sky God: Tatar - Tengri; Altai - Tengri; Turks - Tanri; Khakases - Tigir; Chuvash - Tura; Yakuts - Tangara; Karachai-Balkars - Teyri; Kumyks - Tengiri, Mongols - Tengeri. The Turks and Mongols believed that all existence in the Universe was attributed to Tengri, the Sky God. It was Tengri who ruled the fate of entire nations and their rulers, the Khagans. The Orkhon Stone contains the following inscription: "All human sons are born to die in time, as determined by Tengri." Tengri was worshipped by lifting one’s hands upwards and bowing. Prayers to Tengri were only for health and assistance in good deeds. Tengri later received a Persian name (Khodai) and missionaries attempted to identify him with the Christian God or the Islamic Allah, in order to win converts. However, the great Sky God, Tengri became neither God, nor Allah.


Yer (Earth-Spirit) and Tengri (Sky-Spirit) existed in harmony and complemented each other. The Earth gave man a material shell, but his soul (Kut) was given at birth by Tengri who took it back after death. There is an element of dualism here, but Tengri reinged supreme. It is known from Chinese sources that the ancient Turks believed that Tengri determined man’s longevity. Tengri justly rewarded and punished. Expressions such: ‘Tengri jarlykasyn’ (may Tengri reward you), ‘Kuk sukkan’ (damned by the Sky) and ‘Kuk sugar’ (the sky will damn) are heard even today. Tengri gave the Khagans (Khans) wisdom and authority. We read on the monument honouring Bilge-Khagan: "After the death of my father, at the will of Turkic Tengri and sacred Turkic Yer-Sub (Earth-Water), I became Khan... Tengri who gives the states (to Khans), made me Khagan, it should be known, so that the name and glory of the Turkish people would not disappear." In the monument honouring Kul-Tegin, we read: "Tengri, who rules my father, Ilterish-Khagan, and my mother, Ilbilgya-Katun, from above, ennobled them... As Tengri gave them strength, the army of Khagan, my father, was like a wolf and his enemies like sheep."1 On the 8-9th century stone carvings, found on the banks of the Orkhon and Tola rivers, in Altai and in Tuva, the Turkic Khans-Batyrs (mighty Heroes) left to their descendants these words: "… For the Turkic people I did not sleep nights and days, did not rest... Let not the Turkic people vanish! Let not the name and glory of the Turkic people perish!"

After a Khagan ascended to the throne, he was referred to as a son of Tengri, for it was Tengri who had given the Khagan to his people and it was He that punished those who turned against their ruler, "... instructing the Khagan, who attends to state and military affairs."2 A man became Khagan, and lived under Tengri's protection only for as long as he himself lived by Tengri's laws. During the election of a Khagan, the Beks felt that Tengri Himself had determined the outcome. A legitimate Khan was therefore looked upon as "Tengri-like... begotten by Tengri... a wise Turkic Khagan". A Khagan (Khan) should be brave, clever, honourable, vigorous, fair, and have the virtues of a Bozkurt (wolf). With these qualities, a Khagan could unify Turkic tribes into a single nation. Ancient Turkic inscriptions refer to punishments by Tengri of individuals and tribes. Oath breakers were subject to heavy punishment, as was disobedience to the Khagan. However, Tengri could also punish the Khagan. Chinese chronicles describe a case where one Khagan decided not to keep his promise to give his daughter as a wife to the emperor of the Northern Chow dynasty. He later kept his original oath out of fear of punishment. If the Khagan ruled improperly, it was said that it was Tengri who caused him to lose his authority, via the will of the people. Divine punishment followed transgression during one's lifetime and Tengri's power over man ended after his death.


Fire was a grandson of Tengri and the Sun. His brother was Lightning. The Turks associated Fire with birth, growth, development, and life in general. N. Katanov states, "In the perception of the Tatars, the spirit of Fire grows and warms beings. As soon as the spirit of Fire departs from the being, it dies. The body unites with the land, and the soul joins the multitudes of spirits, soaring above the Earth." A red cow, red bull, or rooster represented Fire. In other representations, Fire was Ut-Ana (Mother Fire). Ut-Ana was believed to be the mother of mankind. When Fire whistled in the hearth, they bowed to the flame and invocated: "Fire, you are our Mother with 30 teeth, you are our mother-in-law with 40 teeth." Fire was deemed to be like the Sun (Heavenly Fire) and the hearth in the centre of a yurt was purposely made round. Warmth, emanated from both Sun and Fire, as did light and colour. Sun and Fire were linked to Woman, who bore and guarded the descendants. The Hearth was protected and kept clean, a careless attitude could result in the Fire God becoming angry and leaving the yurt. Fire was associated with the clan, but each family also maintained a family Fire, which was united with that of other families. However, borrowing Fire from neighbours was considered impious.  

Koyash, the Sun God

The Sun was the son of Tengri and the Earth Goddess. Therefore, He circled between the two. The Turks and Mongols honoured the power and vital force of the Sun God. Huns, leaving their villages in the morning, welcomed the rising sun and bowed towards Him. Turks would turn towards the sunrise when praying. They worshipped the Sun because Tengri supervised the creation of the world by the Sun’s rays, which are but strings linking the spirits of plants to the Sun. Solar rays were considered a medium for transmitting the life force sent by Tengri to the infant. A vivid example is the legend of the birth of An-Lushan by a Shamaness, from Ashide, a noble Turkic clan. He became famous for rebelling against the Tan dynasty of imperial China. At his conception it was said that a ray of light penetrated the yurt. “The famous pra-mother of the Mongols, Alan-Goa, who belonged to the clan of Cengiz-Khan, conceived from a ray that penetrated the yurt through a smoke hole.”11 The Turks associated the Sun’s path in the sky with the flight of a fiery bird or a winged horse. Winged horses as symbols of the Sun were widely used in the cosmological myths of Turkic peoples. In addition to horses and birds, other animals (rams, deer, bulls) were also connected with the Sun. Large numbers of domestic artifacts decorated with solar symbols are found throughout Eurasia and testify to the wide distribution of the Sun cult amongst the Turks. Such images are seen in large numbers on ceramic vessels and female earrings.
http://drakenberg.weebly.com/tengri1.html



We live in a quantum sea of light, radiation and tidal forces conflated with the energy density. Light is the fundamental archetype of reality. It appears when the Ouroboric zero-point bursts open in radiant glory, from the unfathomable primordial darkness, as photonic light and undifferentiated consciousness. As such, it becomes more than a metaphor for human consciousness and primordial awareness – the invisible ground of pure light. 
We live in a quantum sea of light, radiation and tidal forces conflated with the energy density. Light is the fundamental archetype of reality. It appears when the Ouroboric zero-point bursts open in radiant glory, from the unfathomable primordial darkness, as photonic light and undifferentiated consciousness. As such, it becomes more than a metaphor for human consciousness and primordial awareness – the invisible ground of pure light. 


ANCESTRAL RELIGIONS
FROM TENGRI TO HELIOS
Tengri (Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃; Bulgarian: Тангра; Modern Turkish: Tanrı; Proto-Turkic *teŋri / *taŋrɨ; Mongolian script: ᠲᠨᠭᠷᠢ, Tngri; Modern Mongolian: Тэнгэр, Tenger), is one of the names for the primary chief deity since the early Xiongnu, Hunnic, Bulgar and Mongolic (Xianbei) peoples.
Worship of Tengri is Tengrism. The core beings in Tengrism are Heavenly-Father (Tengri/Tenger Etseg) and Earth Mother (Eje/Gazar Eej). It involves shamanism, animism, totemism and ancestor worship.

he oldest form of the name is recorded in Chinese annals from the 4th century BC, describing the beliefs of the Xiongnu. It takes the form 撑犁/Cheng-li, which is hypothesized to be a Chinese transcription of Tängri. (The Proto-Turkic form of the word has been reconstructed as *Teŋri or *Taŋrɨ.)[1] Alternatively, a reconstructed Altaic etymology from *T`aŋgiri ("oath" or "god") would emphasize the god's divinity rather than his domain over the sky.[2]

The Turkic form, Tengri, is attested in the 8th century Orkhon inscriptions as the Old Turkic form 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃 Teŋri. In modern Turkish, the derived word "Tanrı" is used as the generic word for "god", or for the Abrahamic God, and is used today by Turkish people to refer to any god. The supreme deity of the traditional religion of the Chuvash is Tură.[3]
Other reflexes of the name in modern languages include Mongolian: Тэнгэр ("sky"), Bulgarian: Тангра, Azerbaijani: Tanrı. The Chinese word for "sky" 天 (Mandarin: tiān, Classical Chinese: thīn[4] and Japanese Han Dynasty loanword ten[4]) may also be related, possibly a loan from a prehistoric Central Asian language.[5]
According to Dimitrov (1987),[unreliable source?] Aspandiat is the name given to Tengri by the Persians



Tengri was the national god of the Göktürks, described as the "god of the Turks" (Türük Tängrisi).[1] The Göktürk khans based their power on a mandate from Tengri. These rulers were generally accepted as the sons of Tengri who represented him on Earth. They wore titles such as tengrikut, kutluġ or kutalmysh, based on the belief that they attained the kut, the mighty spirit granted to these rulers by Tengri.[7]
Tengri was the chief deity worshipped by the ruling class of the Central Asian steppe peoples in 6th to 9th centuries (Turkic peoples, Mongols and Hungarians).[8] It lost its importance when the Uighuric kagans proclaimed Manichaeism the state religion in the 8th century.[9] The worship of Tengri was brought into Eastern Europe by the Huns and early Bulgars.
Tengri is considered to be the chief god who created all things. In addition to this celestial god, they also had minor divinities (Alps) that served the purposes of Tengri.[10] As Gök Tanrı, he was the father of the sun (Koyash) and moon (Ay Tanrı) and also Umay, Erlik, and sometimes Ülgen.
MythologyTengri was the main god of the Turkic pantheon, controlling the celestial sphere.[11] Tengri is considered to be strikingly similar to the Indo-European sky god, *Dyeus, and the structure of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion is closer to that of the early Turks than to the religion of any people of Near Eastern or Mediterranean antiquity.[12]
The most important contemporary testimony of Tengri worship is found in the Old Turkic Orkhon inscriptions, dated to the early 8th century. Written in the so-called Orkhon script, these inscriptions record an account of the mythological origins of the Turks. The inscription dedicated to Kul Tigin includes the passages (in the translation provided by the Language Committee of Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan): "When the blue sky [Tengri] above and the brown earth below were created, between them a human being was created. Over the human beings, my ancestors Bumin Kagan and Istemi Kagan ruled. They ruled people by Turkish laws, they led them and succeeded" (face 1, line 1); "Tengri creates death. Human beings have all been created in order to die" (face 2, line 9); "You passed away (lit.: 'went flying') until Tengri gives you life again" (face 2, line 14).
In Turkic mythology, Tengri is a pure, white goose that flies constantly over an endless expanse of water, which represents time. Beneath this water, Ak Ana ("White Mother") calls out to him saying "Create". To overcome his loneliness, Tengri creates Er Kishi, who is not as pure or as white as Tengri and together they set up the world. Er Kishi becomes a demonic character and strives to mislead people and draw them into its darkness. Tengri assumes the name Tengri Ülgen and withdraws into Heaven from which he tries to provide people with guidance through sacred animals that he sends among them. The Ak Tengris occupy the fifth level of Heaven. Shaman priests who want to reach Tengri Ülgen never get further than this level, where they convey their wishes to the divine guides. Returns to earth or to the human level take place in a goose-shaped vessel.[13]
According to Mahmud Kashgari, Tengri was known to make plants grow and the lightning flash. Turks used the adjective tengri which means "heavenly, divine", to label everything that seemed grandiose, such as a tree or a mountain, and they stooped to such entities.[14] Tengri worship by "infidels" was viewed negatively by Kashgari.[15] The non-Muslim Turks worship of Tengri was mocked and insulted by the Muslim Turk Mahmud al-Kashgari, who wrote a verse referring to them - The Infidels - May God destroy them![16][17]
Kashgari claimed that the Prophet assisted in a miraculous event where 700,000 Yabāqu infidels were defeated by 40,000 Muslims led by Arslān Tegīn claiming that fires shot sparks from gates located on a green mountain towards the Yabāqu.[18] The Yabaqu were a Turkic people.[19]



in the Tengri belief
system. After all, Tengri is the creator of the universe, as preserved for all creatures.

Koyash (Tatar: Кояш or Qoyaş, Bashkort: Ҡояш, Uzbek: Quyosh, Uyghur: قۇياش, Turkish: Kuyaş) is the god of sun in Turkic mythology.
Gök Tanrı created the earth with rays of sun light, thus, Koyash took part in the creation of earth. Solar rays are also considered to be "strings" between the sun and the spirits of plants, animals and humans.
Turks who worship Koyash turn towards the sunrise when praying. Koyash is the son of Gok Tengri "Sky God" (Tenger means sky in Mongolian) and the Earth Goddess. The power and vital force of the Sun God, making it a priority to bow to him each morning as he rises. Solar rays are strings that link the spirits of plants to heaven, and considered a medium for transmitting Tengri into infants. Koyash is often depicted as a fiery bird or a winged horse. These images are often used to adorn things such as ceramic pots and earrings in ancient times.
The sun god Koyash can make "solar strands" from his hands capable of ensnaring and burning his victims. To the Altai people, the sun represented light, warmth, and growth. This made the sun deity very important, as the sun was seen as the ruler of all that he created. Then he is portrayed as a warrior.

The Sun (also Koyash) was the son of Gök-Tengri (Sky God) and the Toprak Ana (Earth Goddess). The Turkish people and Mongols honoured the power and vital force of the Sun God. Reportedly the Huns, leaving their villages in the morning, welcomed the rising sun and bowed towards him. Altai people would turn towards the sunrise when praying. They worshipped the Sun because Gok-Tengri supervised the creation of the world by the Sun’s rays, which are but strings linking the spirits of plants to the Sun. Likewise solar rays were considered a medium for transmitting the life force sent by Tengri to the infant.
A vivid example is the legend of the birth of An-Lushan by a Shamaness. At his conception it was said that a ray of light penetrated the yurt. Alan-Goa, the mother of the Mongols, conceived from a ray that penetrated the yurt through a smoke hole. The Turkish people associated the Sun’s path in the sky with the flight of a fire-bird or a winged horse. Flying (winged) horses as symbols of the Sun were widely used in the cosmological myths of Turkish peoples. And other animals (rams, deer, bulls) were also connected with the Sun.

readers.SUN IS ALSO FIRE (Kuyas ham Alov) is one such work of supposed fiction that contains accurate historical information, quotations from key historical monuments of Central Asia, and which bears several messages relevant to the contemporary population. SUN IS ALSO FIRE is a "short story" by Alisher Ibadin, printed in the periodical Gulistan (published in the Uzbek SSR), in its issue No. 9, 1980. Examination of current Soviet textbooks suggests that the works implicitly referenced (identified below) in this "short story" are not generally available or taught in Soviet schools. In this effort, Ibadin is presenting himself as a conduit, a bridge to the real past. In verbalizing the thoughts of the collective ancestry, he is taking a great personal risk -- perhaps, like the central figure of the "tale," pouring (symbolic) naphtha on himself. The main theme of SUN IS ALSO FIRE reflects the messages of both the sources and the historical events to which Ibadin alludes -- a struggle for independence against an invading alien, preservation of the culture of one's ancestors and the self sacrifice required for the task. Along the way, purification, by fire, is woven into the main flow, an important historical motif.
One of the most powerful messages of SUN IS ALSO FIRE is represented by the epigram with which Ibadin begins: "If the sky above did not collapse, and if the earth below did not give way, O Turkish people, who would be able to destroy your state and institutions?
These words come from the Orkhon-Yenisei tablets inscribed in the first third of the 8th century. The tablets are the earliest known surviving written monuments of the Turks in their own language. They recount the fall of a great Central Asian Turk empire in the 7th century and the leaders who rebuilt it. It is not only the story of national reconstruction after subjugation (in this case, by the Chinese) and thus a message of confidence, but contains the sobering lesson that the loss of the earlier empire was the fault of the Turks themselves because they forsook the ancestral values. It is from that passage that Ibadin took this admonition.



HELIOS (Helius) was the Titan god of the sun, a guardian of oaths, and the god of sight. He dwelt in a golden palace in the River Okeanos (Oceanus) at the far ends of the earth from which he emerged each dawn, crowned with the aureole of the sun, driving a chariot drawn by four winged steeds. When he reached the the land of the Hesperides in the far West he descended into a golden cup which bore him through the northern streams of Okeanos back to his rising place in the East.
Once his son Phaethon tried to drive the chariot of the sun, but he lost control and set the earth ablaze. Zeus struck the boy down with a thunderbolt.
Helios was depicted as a handsome, usually beardless, man clothed in purple robes and crowned with the shining aureole of the sun. His sun-chariot was drawn by four, sometimes winged, steeds.
Helios was identified with several other gods of fire and light such as Hephaistos (Hephaestus) and light-bringing Phoibos Apollon (Phoebus Apollo).






Scheme of Indo-European migrations from ca. 4000 to 1000 BCE according to the Kurgan hypothesis. The magenta area corresponds to the assumed Urheimat (Samara culture, Sredny Stog culture). The red area corresponds to the area which may have been settled by Indo-European-speaking peoples up to ca. 2500 BCE; the orange area to 1000 BCE

The Sun and the Sun-god Helios   https://www.academia.edu/13220011/Gaia_Helios_Selene_and_Ouranos_the_three_principal_celestial_bodies_and_the_sky_in_the_ancient_Greek_cosmogony
From prehistoric times, humans admired the starry night sky, with its thou-sands of naked-eye stars twinkling on its vault. But their joy was greatest atdawn, "the rosy-fingered Eos" (Hesiod, 2006,
 Works and Days
, 609), whenthe diffuse sunlight gradually prevailed over the darkness of the fearful night.They naturally worshipped the light-giving Sun, since they realized that ev-erything on earth owed its existence and life to the influence of its rays.According to archaeologist Chr. G. Doumas:
 "The word ’als’ in Homer means the sea when observed from the land. The presence of this root in tablets of Linear B writings as component of other words indicates a long-standing use, during which it evolved into a versatile noun of the third declension that easily makes compounds with other roots... the fact that with the original root so many and various needs of the Greek language, e.g. alios / helios [= sun],shows both the close relationship of the aegean society with the sea and the strong influence of the liquid element upon the history and the culture of that age."
 (Doumas, 2010,
 The ancient monuments of the names 
, p. 16).
"Indeed, from ’als’ (genitive form: alos) came the adjective ’alios’, which,even though it is recognized as the doric type of ’helios’ = sun, it essential-ly means the one that is related to the sea... The depiction of the Sun on the proto-Cycladic pan-shaped vessels of the 3rd millenium BC is probably an indication of the importance assigned to it by the Cycladians of that period.The islanders of the Aegean Sea and the inhabitants of the eastern shores of the Greek peninsula see every morning the Sun rising from the sea"
 (Doumas,2008,
 The aligenes Aegean Sun, p.15), as described in the first verses of Rhap-sody iii of the Odyssey: "When the Sun, leaving the lake, ascended towards the all-copper sky to shine on both immortals and the mortal people of the life-giving earth...".
The Sun is the ’radiating one’, the ’fiery one’ and as such it symbolized thecelestial representation of the universal father, being essentially the represen-tative of God’s spirit (Demetrakos, 1964, vol. 7, p. 3250). The Sun’s appear-ance in the morning, its culmination at noon and its majestic disappearancefor the night (or during the eclipses) influenced much human thought. Dark-ness falling every evening after sunset filled the soul of the primitive humanwith stressful questions. With time, the savants of the society assigned to
 
Gaia, Helios, Selene and Ouranos 99
the Sun supernatural divine properties, since as a god ’he’ could appear ordisappear at will, both daily and during the much more rare eclipses.All ancient people worshipped the light- and life-giving Sun. The Sun wasSamas of the Assurians, Bel of the Semites, Bel-Marduk of the Babylonians, Elor Outou of the Sumerians, Baal of the Phoenicians and Chananeans, Molochof the Ammonites, Chimoch of the Moabites, Ammun-Ra of the Egyptians,Surya of the Indians, Mithra of the Persians, Indi of the Inka, Tonatiuch of the Aztecs, Sol of the Romans, Swarog or Yarila of Slavic tribes, Belenos of the Celts, Helios and Phoebos-Apollo (the symbol of sunlight) of the Greeks.The worship of the Sun god was universal and prevalent, since for ancienthumans the Sun was the source of life, light and warmth, a guarantee of thecelestial order of the hours of the day and the seasons of the year, a creativeforce for nature and, more mundanely, an aid for orientation. Besides, theSophoclean phrase
 "everybody adores the rotating solar orb"
 (Achilles Tatius,1917, frag. 672 Nauk2), is true for all ages (Sophocles, 1892,
 Trachiniae
, 738,2).
7. The Sun-Helios in Greek mythology
In Homer’s
 Iliad
 and
 Odyssey
 (ca 8th century BC) the external aspect of the bright appearance of the Sun is especially stressed along with the notionsassociated with sunrise and sunset. According to Hesiod, the Sun-god, Helios,was the son of Titans Hyperion and Theia (
Theog
., 371-372), or of Hyperionand Euryphaessa (
Homeric Hymn to Helios
 31, 2), while his sisters wereSelene (the Moon goddess) and Eos (the personification of dawn). Pindarcelebrates Theia as the mother of Helios in his 5th
 Isthmian Ode
 (1997):
"Mother of the Sun, Theia of many names, for your sake men honor gold as more powerful than anything else; and through the value you bestow on them, o queen, ships contending on..."
As Titans, Theia and Hyperion (= he who hovers above earth) belong tothe same generation as Cronus; all of them were children of Gaia and Uranus(Patsi-Garin, 1969).Homer, calling Helios ’Hyperionides’ (
Odyssey
 xii 176), stresses his con-crete bond with life, as since their birth, humans behold the solar ’augeae’(daybreaks): they live
 "under the stars of the sky and the light of the Sun"
(
Iliad
 IV 45), rejoicing when they see
 "the bright light of the Sun"
 (
Iliad
 V120). Eventually, when a person dies "he abandons the light of the Sun" (
Iliad
XIX 2).The Sun for Homer is the god who
 "sees everything and hears every-thing"
 (
Iliad
 III 277). This characteristic of Helios is stressed by the a




 
Gaia, Helios, Selene and Ouranos 101
"Eous; by him the sky is turned. Aethiops, as if flaming, parches the grain.These trace-horses are male. The female are yoke-bearers: Bronte, whom we call Thunder, Sterope, whom we call Lightning"
These equine names allude to the power of the God, the succession of thecelestial phenomena and the maturing of the fruits. Other authors report othernames for the Sun’s horses: Lampon, Aethops, Aethon and Flegon (Gelling& Davidson, 1969, p. 14+; Glob 1974, pp. 99-103, and Green 1991, pp. 64-66,p. 114+). Every evening, Helios completed his journey and then rested in theWest, in the land of Hesperides.The notion of the ’flaming’ or ’fiery’ nature of Helios is very commonamong the Greek tragic poets:
 "baked by the fire of the sun"
 (Aeschylus,1983,
 Prometheus Bound
 22),
 "High o’er the earth, at whose ethereal fire..."
(Euripides:
 Ion
 34),
 "Hot flame of the King"
 (Euripides, 1996,
 Phaethon
 776).Euripides describes sunrise as follows:
 "Now flames this radiant chariot of the sun / high o’er the earth, at whose ethereal fire / the stars into the sacred night retreat"
 (Euripides, 2004,
 Ion
 82-84). This description has often beencompared with a depiction of Helios on a Greek vase of the 5th century BCthat is kept in the British Museum; there, Helios is depicted with a ray-surrounded head, riding a winged four-horse chariot, rising from the sea, inwhich child-like apparitions swim, denoting the stars that go to hide.
Fig.2.
 At the period of Emperor August (Ink drawing: The rise of the Sun with his 4-horsechariot. The vanishing stars of the night are depicted as children sinking in the sea (Greekvase, 435 BC - British Museum).
The Sun, completing his daily (diurnal) course on the celestial vault, restedevery night on a golden bed made by the hammer of the god Hephaestos(Vulcan), in order to shine again the following day over the world.Helios had many sons and daughters. With Oceanid Perseis they had threechildren: Circe, Passiphae and Ae¨etes (Apollonius, 1962,
 Argonautica
 3, 1, 2and Homer:
 Odyssey
 XII 3). Circe was famous for her magical powers and forher love for Ulysses (
Theogony
, 1914, 957). Passiphae, wife of king Minos of Crete, is identified with the Moon and considered the primeval deity of light,as her name states (passiphaessa = apparent to all). It was due to Passiphae


 
102 E. Theodossiou et al.
that the worship of Helios was widely practiced in Crete, where he was adoredunder the form of a bull (Bekker, 1814-1821,
 Anecd. Gr
. 344, 10). The mythof Passiphae falling in love with a bull (the zodiacal constellation Taurus =the Bull) reflects a very ancient tradition, according to which the bull-shapedsun-god and the cow-shaped moon-goddess were united with a holy wedding.In another myth, Ae¨etes was king of Aea, who refused to give the GoldenFleece (a symbol of sunlight) to Jason and the Argonauts.Helios had two other daughters, Phaethusa and Lampetie, and a son,Phaethon, with Clymene.. Once, Phaethon got permission from his fatherto cross the sky with his chariot. However, when Phaethon saw the hugeconstellation Scorpius (the scorpion) he became freightened and lost controlof his father’s chariot. Its horses bolted and the chariot started to go up anddown, threatening the Earth with destruction. Then Zeus saved the world bykilling Phaethon with one of his thunderbolts. Phaethon’s body fell on thebank of the river Eridanus. His sisters, the Heliads, who mourned him, weretransformed into poplars, the holy trees of the god Helios, and their tearsbecame amber
 
Gaia, Helios, Selene and Ouranos 103
’Phaethon’ was also a name given to of Helios himself because of its ra-diant light (
Iliad
 XI 730,
 Odyssey
 v 479, xi 15,
 Homeric Hymn
 31.2). In his
Theogony
 (1914), Hesiod writes of Phaethon and Hyperion as ’substances’ of god Helios (
Theog
. 987 and Nagy, 1990, p. 235). Additionally, Phaethon ismentioned by both Nonnus (1940,
 Dionysiaka
 38.167) and Ovid (1857,
 Meta-morph
. 2007, 1.747-79:
 Phaethon’s parentage, struggle with Epaphos
 and 2.42:
Phaethon and his father
).Helios, according to Greek mythology, also had numerous other affairswith other women; subsequently, he had many other sons and daughters,collectively known in ancient Greek literature as Heliades.A famous center of Helios worship was Rhodes; as Pindar (1997) reports(
Olymp. Ode
 7, 69), the whole island belonged to him. The famous Colossuswas a giant statue of Helios (this statue was one of the ’seven wonders’ of theancient world), an artwork by Rhodian sculptor Chares from Lindos (Pliny,1971,
 Historia Naturalis
 34.63), a student of Lysippus (3rd cent. BC). Everyfour years a Sun festival was celebrated on the island, called Ali(ei)a or Helieia(Nilsson, 1906, p. 427), during which they offered to Helios a four-horse chariotthrown into the sea. Helios stayed in Rhodes with Nymph Rhodos, a daughterof Aphrodite, and together they had seven sons, named: Ochimos, Cercaphus,Actis, Macar, Candalus, Triopes and Tenages, and their wisdom is exalted byPindar (1997,
 Olymp. Ode
 7, 72-75).In Greek art the personification of the sun is often depicted as a youngman bearing a radiant wreath and a tunic, standing upon a four-horse chariot,as on the metope of the Hellenistic temple of goddess Athena in Ilion (Troy).Of more astronomical interest is a statue of Helios in the Vatican. He isdepicted as a young man bearing a radiant wreath, and has an extra feature:a wide belt with the symbols of the zodiac.Moreover, there is the tradition, mentioned among others by Homer (
Odyssey
xii 127), that in Trinacria island (Sicily),Helios had seven herds of cattle andseven herds of sheep, each having fifty animals. They grazed steadily everyday, never getting more or less. According to the explanation given by Aris-totle, the lunar year consisted of 50 weeks, each having 7 days and 7 nights;therefore the 50 times 7 cattle and the 50 times 7 sheep were denoting the 350days and 350 nights, respectively, which make the lunar year used by ancientGreeks according to the original calculations (Theodossiou & Danezis, 1995,p. 315).The worship of the Sun-god was universal, while very ancient practicesoriginating in it, such as the orientation of temples of several religions towardsthe East, were kept until our days in the conscience of people.


LIGHT TO LIGHT OF THE CONSCIOUSNESS

Vincenzo Ampolo, Lecce

Light from Light

The ancient peoples lived with the anguish that sunlight would not recur in the day next, because everything that happened in nature was given to them by a will
divine.

The light of the sun or moon, depending on the ancient peoples and cultures, thus became, in myth, a hero who fought to defeat monsters and darkness that would otherwise overwhelmed humans.

By the Egyptians to the Babylonians, from the Celts to the Greeks, until the cult of the "unconquered sun" of the Romans, the myth light (well rooted in popular culture, first the East and then West) is recovered as symbol central, for represent religious and cultural forms very Similar and different at the same time, however, such by defining the peculiar characteristics of deities in the different religions.

The Catholic faith, like the Buddhist, Jewish, Muslim, Protestant or Orthodox is
appropriated the symbolism of light and puts the as a clear image of the splendor of
their faith. Light is narrated in Genesis as the first act divine "God said: Let there be light and there was light. God saw that the light was good: and God divided the light from the darkness and called the light day and the darkness night.
"For primitive Christianity of Greek-culture Roman He identified the symbolism of light with Christ himself, who assumed the role of ancient solar deities.
In the Gospels we read: "Our God will from meeting, as light that rises;
It will shine in the darkness for those who live in the shadow of death.
"(Luke 1, 78). In the Gospels of John, Matthew and Isaiah It reiterates the solar aspect and shining of Christ which, like the rising sun announcing the dawn of resurrection.
The Scriptures and the patristic literature they inspired, as the liturgical hymns handed down to this day, are full of expressions relating to the identification of God / Jesus with the Light, understood over time more and more like symbol of truth and life that illuminates and reveals save humans from the darkness of evil.
The light of Christ is understood, very often, as a set of sunlight and moonlight and
Also transcendence of both of them.
We like to remember in this regard the sky starry, in which shone the star of Bethlehem,
guide the Magi, priests, wise men and the sorcerers the same time. The name of one of the three Magi, Melki-Or (Hebrew for "King of Light") refers significantly to the ancient cult of our study.
If, finally, the light substances are made that the mystics have imagined and contemplated, the mystical participation of believers takes place through themselves become a part of a great light, a lighting process Collective activated by the Divine Spirit.

Melchior = king of light
the dragon of Ur darkness is probably a mistrans of hebrew or' 'light' In Mandaean manuscripts and legends, however, the word Nasurai is generally ... and dwelt in the call of the Life and in the strength of the high King of Light.' ..... According to one account, the melki measured the existence of the world into ... The moon (Sin) appears to be regarded as a sinister influence. The informant quoted above says:
'The face of Sin, the Moon, is like a cat, animal-like and black, whilst the face of Shamish is like a wheel of light' (he drew a swastika). 'With Sin in the moon-ship is the King of Darkness also. He (Melka d Hshukha) pulls men towards the earthly and gross, towards the dark and evil. He does this because he must, though he was created by and serves God, for there must be darkness and light and day and night. He is ordered to this by the Lord of Greatness, who has a myriad names and created all beings, visible and invisible, of the created worlds.
The light-melki in the moon prevent Sin and the King of Darkness from bemusing the children of men. Under the influence of those two, men do deeds of madness and shame that they would not wish to perform by day; and without the counteracting influence of the ten, men's moral sense would disappear. But Melka d Hshukha cannot harm a man who rules himself and has a firm faith. A man must not doubt: his faith and his purity must be strong, for then he sees melki and can communicate with Shamish. He must not say 'I fear there are not', he must say, 'There are!'. If a man says, 'There is no God, no spirits', he is entirely in the power of the King of Darkness and it is harmful even to sit with such a one.'


 
2 - The primitive religion of the light
1
In time to which you recall Rigveda , the the oldest parts of the hymns and songs collected in Veda , Handed down orally for many generations, religion was a pure worship of nature.
They worshiped the sky, the sun, lightning, fire, the rain and it was feared drought, night,
the darkness and what was hiding in it. Countless divinity good or evil
They presided over the affairs of men and the fight incessant between the creation and destruction of any vital element.
The coupons were called Deva, Namely Clear, the shining ones; malignant were called
Asura, That the Dark.
However, in the religion of the light there were differentiations related to the attributes of the various light sources.
The illuminating (Savitar), the resplendent (Pusan), Burning (Tejas), The moon (Rudra), The wriggling (Indra), The fiery (Agni), just for name a few among many.
In this theater of nature the storm was fight fought by    Indra, The sky god Flaking of lightning, very similar to Zeus the Greeks, against Vritra, The god that envelops
the sky in darkness and in the form of a serpent, keeps captive the mountain waters.
At Indra, also considered slayer of demons, hero of the battles, hefty bull, sovereign
Universal, King of solid and liquid things, celebrated as the one who consolidated the
mountains and placed the boundary of the atmosphere and supported the sky, he addressed mainly the adoration of the faithful.
Many sacred hymns collected in Rigveda sing his praises: I want to make public Indra's business, first that lightning reinforced accomplished: he hit the snake, he has paved the way for waters, has split the belly of the mountains.
He hits the snake lying on mountain ... As bellowing cows, the waters They are hasty, fell straight to the sea ...When Indra and the serpent fought, the dispenser of treasures brought the victory for present and for the times to come.
The Aurora hymns that, originally, it is the female mythical, they are, in the liturgy of light, far long the most poetic.
In sacrifice morning Yes celebrates, with devotion, the mystery of Aurora, the light of a
new day. The light, the spending of the lights, it's coming. The bright sign, spending, was born. Depending Savitar that face out so as to fulfill the His law, the night gives way to the Aurora ...Shining, presenter of young forces, it has shone, brilliant; It opened the doors for us; setting in motion the mobile world, it has found wealth for us. The aurora has awakened all creatures. - Why the one who He was lying down paths - the benefactor! – a other (day) to the richness, both for enjoy it, is to look for, because those who see see little far away, the dawn has woke up all the creatures ... Gone are the
mortals who have seen the ancient shine aurora. Now it is to us that you show. And are
already they that there will see in times future ... Get up! The breath of life came to us.
The darkness is gone. Comes the light. Has left green light to the sun perch'esso paths.
We arrived at the moment when life is Prolonged!

The sacred cosmology and the union of opposites
2
 
The sacrificial offering of Soma, as we is reported by the ancient texts, it was intended
to cheer the gods of light, making them propitious the prayers and at the same time to give them the force necessary for the fulfillment of their serious task, which consisted in supporting a constant struggle with the powers of evil of darkness.
The Sacrifice of the pack It establishes, a reconciliation and a junction between the
Powers in conflict. The deities of Light and those of Darkness They find a way to coexist, to harmonize. The Moon becomes food of the Sun, that the swallows overnight where cohabit (amavasja) As a happy couple.
We are talking about an alchemical marriage sacred (hierosgamos) that announces
the completion of the process in conjunction of the two supreme planets, their"
honeymoon "It could be said, alluding to one of the ritual components.
"And the mysterium coniunctionis   the Sun and Moon, the King and Queen, is the realization of the coincidence of opposites , The Rebis, the Divine Androgynous. "
When the priest officiating the sacrifice, sheds the residue of Soma in the fire, spreads when himself and what he is: emptying his human nature becomes God.
When the end of the rite becomes whether Man himself is a "different", having killed
its Dragon, come to the borders of the world when Heaven and Earth, the Moon and the Sun embrace.
Here is that the conjunction of opposites He achieves in this ritual, which is lost in the night of time and that also represents a form primal therapy, a "magical" way of
reach the "holy joy of the heart", in that everlasting search Harmony that distinguishes human beings.
From fragmentation to unity "A woman arrives in the central room of a large building whose walls are all covered with mirrors which reflect the center of the room a radiant light "
 Silvia in Montefoschi  be being partial visions of us lead our lives, including the darkness of the infernal regions and the light of consciousness. The analytical path has to deal with shadows of our nightmares before recovering toward the light.
The experience of their unity needs a distancing from experience and lived partial
with the Which the individual Yes era identified in time.
Self there theosophy Islamic, second how much He refers H. Corbin 3, He tells of a world called Land of Light: Mundus Imaginalis, Suspended between pure substances and intelligible bodily substances, epiphanies of theater and the performing visions that arise in the analytical path, well as the psychoanalyst Silvia Montefoschi in his book be being
, Performs an analysis charming of this process analytical, saying that being in the know is It evolves as an individual and as a species.
"And 'in fact the experience of fragmentation It forces the human subject, who wishes to save as presence, to make the effort to concentrate, in the highest point of view that he has now reached, and in a new vision unitary of himself, the disparate images of in which it sees itself fragmented.
"
4
The confrontation in the hall of mirrors, of which mentions the dream quoted by the author, and for other verses extensively addressed in previous text by Dario V. Caggia
  The Golden Tree 5 , it's a stage, painful but necessary, on the way women's self-realization, which allows However, to grasp the unity of his being, beyond fragmentation of masks and roles. analytical experience, says the author, "...the destiny man current it seems coincide with one of the "Mystes" the initiate of the ancient esoteric doctrines, as if, by inheriting from them the mission eschatological and assuming the task of continue it, he arrives finally to take her fulfillment. "
6
.
The thought of finally Montefoschi promises an evolutionary leap that appears in dreams It is evident; the same dreams "... Where you He says there is no longer the sun to illuminate the earth, and which is instead the earth to radiate its light; where it says that humans, not being more illuminated from the outside, but from their inside, they lose the contrasts produced by shadows and become transparent; and where you can still says that in place of the shadow that the man projected on land remains the Contorn